The Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company was established to harvest and market the virgin longleaf pine (Pinus palustris L.) stands of southern Mississippi during the early 20th century. The main sawmills were located in Wiggins and D'Lo, Mississippi. When the local timber supply dwindled, the company tried to utilize redwood trees from California, but that operation failed because of high transportation costs. Other attempts were made at promoting a more diversified use of the cutover timberlands; some ventures were successful while others were not.
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Up until the 20th century, the virgin pine forests of south Mississippi were virtually untouched by man, because there was no efficient system for transporting cut logs from the forests to sawmills for conversion to lumber. There was an immense expanse of longleaf pine, stretching from Virginia, southwest through nine U.S. States, ending in east Texas, and covering more than 140,000 square miles (363,000 square kilometers).[1] Longleaf pine was the major species of interest to southern lumbermen due to its straightness and durability from a high resin content.
A few sawmills were located along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, near the mouths of rivers and streams, which were used for rafting logs to the mills.[2] Because of limited inland waterways for moving logs, vast timberlands remained inaccessible to lumbermen.
The river system of transporting logs to sawmills in south Mississippi ended in the late 19th century, when the Gulf and Ship Island Railroad (G&SIRR) was constructed. The main line of the G&SIRR extended 160 miles (257 kilometers) from Gulfport, north and northwest to Jackson the State capitol. The G&SIRR began operation from Gulfport to Hattiesburg in 1897, with the extension from Hattiesburg to Jackson in 1900.[3] The G&SIRR passed through the town of Wiggins located halfway between Gulfport and Hattiesburg. As a result of the growing timber industry, Wiggins had developed as a sawmill town.
In Des Moines, Iowa, two millionaire businessmen, brothers W.O. and E.C. Finkbine, saw in the most northern section of Harrison County (now Stone County) considerable wealth in the form of timber, minerals, sand, and gravel. Such natural wealth was enticing to the two entrepreneurs, who already owned the Green Bay Lumber Company[4] with lumberyards scattered throughout Iowa, in addition to their 17,000-acre (6,880 hectares) wheat farm in Canada.[5] But the main selling point was the vast acreage of virgin southern yellow pine timber in south Mississippi. In 1901, the Finkbine Lumber Company, purchased two sawmills belonging to the Niles City Lumber Company at Wiggins.[6] Officers of the Finkbine Lumber Company were E. C. Finkbine, president; W. O. Finkbine, vice president, and W. E. Guild, treasurer. In 1903, W. E. Guild took over as general manager at Wiggins. In that same year, all of the timberlands owned by the Niles City Lumber Company were transferred to the Finkbine Lumber Company. In Stone County alone, the Finkbine Lumber Company owned approximately 25,000 acres (10,100 hectares) of timberland.[7]
In 1903, a new double-band sawmill with a cutting capacity of 125,000 board feet per day was completed at Wiggins. Other features of the mill were five dry kilns, a large planing mill and a dressed-lumber shed. The mill sawed longleaf pine logs into dimensional lumber and construction timbers. Business was both domestic and export, with export being handled through Gulfport, Mississippi.[6]
A large company store was built in Wiggins to enhance Finkbine's business. The store was operated under the name of the Kew Mercantile Company and served Finkbine Lumber Company employees and the community at large.[5]
At some point in time, the name was changed to Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company. In 1915, the Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company began construction of an all electric sawmill at the town of D'Lo in Simpson County, Mississippi. When operations began in 1916, the D'Lo sawmill had a cutting capacity of 200,000 board feet every 10 hours. The timber supply for that mill extended over parts of Simpson, Rankin, Smith, and Scott counties in Mississippi. In 1918, offices of Finkbine-Guild were moved from Wiggins to Jackson, Mississippi.[6]
To facilitate harvesting, Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company constructed their own rail lines, often called dummy lines, into their timberlands. One of their forest railroads extended 24 miles (39 kilometers) southeast from Wiggins.[7] The Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company used a Clyde steam skidder which could pull in all logs on 4 acres (1.6 hectares) at one setting, and each pull could bring in 5 to 15 logs to the dummy rail line for loading. At peak production, Finkbine-Guild operated 5 locomotives out of Wiggins and D'Lo.[6] But, the use of steam skidders resulted in complete destruction of young trees, leaving a bare, open landscape.[8]
As their timberlands were being exhausted in Mississippi, the Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company planned to keep their Mississippi mills as re-manufacturing and finishing plants and feed them with California redwood. In 1925, Finkbine-Guild bought the Cottoneva Lumber Company of Rockport, California near the Pacific Ocean. Because of the remote location, Finkbine-Guild built modern family homes, a company store, a mess hall, a hotel, a barber shop, a hospital, and a school. The Company constructed a sawmill, logging railroads, and loading facilities with a cable system, powered by a steam engine, to sling logs from shore onto ships. The Rockport mill produced only cants—squared-off logs for shipment to Mississippi mills for final processing.[9]
Finkbine-Guild invested heavily in building a dock and loading facilities in San Francisco Bay near the city of Sausalito, California. From there, logs were transferred to one of the company's five oil-burning ships. Together the ships were called The Redwood Line and steamed from San Francisco Bay through the Panama Canal to Gulfport, Mississippi. At Gulfport, the ships were unloaded and logs were put onto railroad flatcars for the trip to D'Lo, Mississippi, where the logs were processed into finished lumber.[9]
Daily problems, such as broken turbines, broken cable lines, bad weather, blocked roads, difficulties in obtaining materials and groceries, and labor issues, all plagued the company at the Rockport facility. Within two years of operation in California, the Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company folded. In 1928, all California lands acquired by Finkbine-Guild were deeded to Southern Redwood Company. The Finkbine-Guild experiment in California failed because the Company bore extra handling costs, transporting logs to Mississippi, that local redwood companies did not have.[9]
By 1927, the supply of virgin pine in Mississippi was depleted, and no more redwood logs were being shipped to the Mississippi sawmills for processing. On July 1, 1929, the Finkbine-Guild sawmills and remaining timberlands at Wiggins and D'Lo were sold to the Wilbe Lumber Company.[6]
In an attempt to market their cutover timberland in south Mississippi, Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company organized the Mississippi Farms Company. The Farms Company advertised the cutover timberland for sale to entice Slavs and Poles from the northern U.S. to move to Mississippi and buy land along the Finkbine-Guild logging roads.[7] However, clearing the land of stumps and attempting to grow farm crops in the thin soils was hard work, leading to failure during the long, hot summers.[8]
One successful venture of Finkbine-Guild and Mississippi Farms Company was the construction of a factory in Wiggins for processing farm produce. The American Pickle and Canning Company was formed to operate what became known as the ‘pickle factory'. At first, the plant processed pickles, tomatoes, beans, and sweet potatoes,[10] but within a few years, pickles became its sole product. At one time, it was the largest pickle manufacturing plant in the world.[11] Through time, the pickle factory changed ownership, becoming a part of Brown-Miller Company, then Beatrice Foods. Those larger food-processing companies consolidated their production at locations in other U.S. States, and the Wiggins pickle factory closed in the 1970s, ending the final legacy of the Finkbine-Guild era.